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- European war against non-Christians and
- heretics, sanctioned by the pope; in
- particular, a series of wars 1096-1291
- undertaken by European rulers to recover
- Palestine from the Muslims. Motivated by
- religious zeal, the desire for land, and the
- trading ambitions of the major Italian
- cities, the Crusades were varied in their
- aims and effects. 1st Crusade 1095-99 led by
- Baldwin of Boulogne, Godfrey of Bouillon, and
- Peter the Hermit. Motivated by occupation of
- Anatolia and Jerusalem by the Seljuk Turks.
- The crusade succeeded in recapturing
- Jerusalem and establishing a series of Latin
- kingdoms on the Syrian coast. 2nd Crusade
- 1147-49 led by Louis VII of France and
- Emperor Conrad III; a complete failure. 3rd
- Crusade 1189-92 led by Philip II Augustus of
- France and Richard I of England. Failed to
- recapture Jerusalem, which had been seized by
- Saladin 1187. 4th Crusade 1202-04 led by
- William of Montferrata, and Baldwin of
- Hainault. Directed against Egypt but diverted
- by the Venetians to sack and divide
- Constantinople. Children's Crusade 1212
- thousands of children crossed Europe on their
- way to the Holy Land but many were sold into
- slavery at Marseille, or died of disease and
- hunger. 5th Crusade 1218-21 led by King
- Andrew of Hungary, Cardinal Pelagius, King
- John of Jerusalem, and King Hugh of Cyprus.
- Captured and then lost Damietta, Egypt. 6th
- Crusade 1228-29 led by the Holy Roman emperor
- Frederick II. Jerusalem recovered by
- negotiation with the sultan of Egypt, but the
- city was finally lost 1244. 7th and 8th
- Crusades 1249-54, 1270-72 both led by Louis
- IX of France. Acre, the last Christian
- fortress in Syria, was lost 1291.
-